Readings & Reflections with Cardinal Tagle’s Video: Fifteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time C & St. Kateri Tekakwitha, July 14,2019

In today’s Gospel (Lk 10:25-37), Jesus challenges us today with these two questions: Teacher, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? Who is my neighbor? In the parable of the Good Samaritan, a priest and the scholar of the law ignored the need of a fallen traveler who had been left to die on the Jericho road. However, a Samaritan gave his time and resources to help the afflicted man. He bandaged his wounds, brought him to an inn, “and took care of him” (Lk 10:34). The Church Fathers put a meaning on this parable. They saw in the person we call the Good Samaritan an image of Jesus himself. The human race was waylaid by sin. Sin had stripped us of our human dignity. It had robbed from us the grace of God. It had attacked us so severely that we are all like a person who is half dead. Jesus lifted us up on his own shoulders and brought us to the Church that we be cared for until he returns in glory on the day of our resurrection. After Jesus brought us to the Church, he did not leave us but He is with his Church all the days even until the end of the world (Mt 28:20). Through the ministry of the Church in baptism Jesus heals the wounds of our sins, restores the life of grace and gives us the dignity of the children of God. In confirmation Jesus strengthens the life of grace within us and confirms our identity as children of God and heirs of heaven. Jesus comes to us in the Church through word and sacrament: the word of Sacred Scripture and the sacrament of his body and blood are our spiritual nourishment (Mt. 26:26-29; Jn 6:54-56). For more reflection watch the video of Pope Francis: To ignore the suffering of man is to ignore God click this link: http://www.pagadiandiocese.org/2016/04/27/pope-francis-to-ignore-the-suffering-of-man-is-to-ignore-god/
AMDG+
Opening Prayer
“Dearest Lord, may I see you today and every day in the person of your sick, and whilst nursing minister to you. Though you hide yourself behind the unattractive disguise of the irritable, the exacting, the unreasonable, may I still recognize you and say: ‘Jesus, my patient, how sweet it is to serve you.’ Lord, give me this seeing faith, then my work will never be monotonous. I will ever find joy in humoring the fancies and gratifying the wishes of all poor sufferers. O beloved sick, how doubly dear you are to me, when you personify Christ; and what a privilege is mine to be allowed to tend you. Sweetest Lord, make me appreciative of the dignity of my high vocation, and its many responsibilities. Never permit me to disgrace it by giving way to coldness, unkindness, or impatience. And, O God, while you are Jesus, my patient, deign also to be to me a patient Jesus, bearing with my faults, looking only to my intention, which is to love and serve you in the person of each of your sick. Lord, increase my faith, bless my efforts and work, now and for evermore. Amen. (Daily prayer of Mother Teresa of Calcutta)
Reading 1
Dt 30:10-14 – The word is very near to you: you have only to carry out.
Moses said to the people:
“If only you would heed the voice of the LORD, your God,
and keep his commandments and statutes
that are written in this book of the law,
when you return to the LORD, your God,
with all your heart and all your soul.
“For this command that I enjoin on you today
is not too mysterious and remote for you.
It is not up in the sky, that you should say,
‘Who will go up in the sky to get it for us
and tell us of it, that we may carry it out?’
Nor is it across the sea, that you should say,
‘Who will cross the sea to get it for us
and tell us of it, that we may carry it out?’
No, it is something very near to you,
already in your mouths and in your hearts;
you have only to carry it out.”
The word of the Lord.
Responsorial Psalm
Ps 69:14, 17, 30-31, 33-34, 36, 37
R. (cf. 33) Turn to the Lord in your need, and you will live.
I pray to you, O LORD,
for the time of your favor, O God!
In your great kindness answer me
with your constant help.
Answer me, O LORD, for bounteous is your kindness:
in your great mercy turn toward me.
R. Turn to the Lord in your need, and you will live.
I am afflicted and in pain;
let your saving help, O God, protect me.
I will praise the name of God in song,
and I will glorify him with thanksgiving.
R. Turn to the Lord in your need, and you will live.
“See, you lowly ones, and be glad;
you who seek God, may your hearts revive!
For the LORD hears the poor,
and his own who are in bonds he spurns not.”
R. Turn to the Lord in your need, and you will live.
For God will save Zion
and rebuild the cities of Judah.
The descendants of his servants shall inherit it,
and those who love his name shall inhabit it.
R. Turn to the Lord in your need, and you will live.
or
Ps 19:8, 9, 10, 11
R. (9a) Your words, Lord, are Spirit and life.
The law of the LORD is perfect,
refreshing the soul;
the decree of the LORD is trustworthy,
giving wisdom to the simple.
R. Your words, Lord, are Spirit and life.
The precepts of the LORD are right,
rejoicing the heart;
the command of the LORD is clear,
enlightening the eye.
R. Your words, Lord, are Spirit and life.
The fear of the LORD is pure,
enduring forever;
the ordinances of the LORD are true,
all of them just.
R. Your words, Lord, are Spirit and life.
They are more precious than gold,
than a heap of purest gold;
sweeter also than syrup
or honey from the comb.
R. Your words, Lord, are Spirit and life.
Reading II
Col 1:15-20 – All things were created through him and for him.
Christ Jesus is the image of the invisible God,
the firstborn of all creation.
For in him were created all things in heaven and on earth,
the visible and the invisible,
whether thrones or dominions or principalities or powers;
all things were created through him and for him.
He is before all things,
and in him all things hold together.
He is the head of the body, the church.
He is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead,
that in all things he himself might be preeminent.
For in him all the fullness was pleased to dwell,
and through him to reconcile all things for him,
making peace by the blood of his cross
through him, whether those on earth or those in heaven.
The word of the Lord.
Gospel
Lk 10:25-37 – Who is my neighbor?
Bishop Robert Barron’s Homily: Hearing the voice of God click below:
There was a scholar of the law who stood up to test him and said,
“Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?”
Jesus said to him, “What is written in the law?
How do you read it?”
He said in reply,
You shall love the Lord, your God,
with all your heart,
with all your being,
with all your strength,
and with all your mind,
and your neighbor as yourself.”
He replied to him, “You have answered correctly;
do this and you will live.”
But because he wished to justify himself, he said to Jesus,
“And who is my neighbor?”
Jesus replied,
“A man fell victim to robbers
as he went down from Jerusalem to Jericho.
They stripped and beat him and went off leaving him half-dead.
A priest happened to be going down that road,
but when he saw him, he passed by on the opposite side.
Likewise a Levite came to the place,
and when he saw him, he passed by on the opposite side.
But a Samaritan traveler who came upon him
was moved with compassion at the sight.
He approached the victim,
poured oil and wine over his wounds and bandaged them.
Then he lifted him up on his own animal,
took him to an inn, and cared for him.
The next day he took out two silver coins
and gave them to the innkeeper with the instruction,
‘Take care of him.
If you spend more than what I have given you,
I shall repay you on my way back.’
Which of these three, in your opinion,
was neighbor to the robbers’ victim?”
He answered, “The one who treated him with mercy.”
Jesus said to him, “Go and do likewise.”
The Gospel of the Lord.

Reflection 1 – What we must do?
Dr. Scott Hahn’s reflection: Listen Here
We are to love God and our neighbor with all the strength of our being, as the scholar of the Law answers Jesus in this week’s Gospel.
This command is nothing remote or mysterious—it’s already written in our hearts, in the book of sacred Scripture. “You have only to carry it out,” Moses says in this week’s First Reading.
Jesus tells His interrogator the same thing: “Do this and you will live.”
The scholar, however, wants to know where he can draw the line. That’s the motive behind his question: “Who is my neighbor?”
In his compassion, the Samaritan in Jesus’ parable reveals the boundless mercy of God – who came down to us when we were fallen in sin, close to dead, unable to pick ourselves up.
Jesus is “the image of the invisible God,” this week’s Epistle tells us. In Him, the love of God has come very near to us. By the “blood of His Cross” – by bearing His neighbors’ sufferings in His own body, being himself stripped and beaten and left for dead—He saved us from bonds of sin, reconciled us to God and to one another.
Like the Samaritan, He pays the price for us, heals the wounds of sin, pours out on us the oil and wine of the sacraments, entrusts us to the care of His Church, until He comes back for us.
Because His love has known no limits, ours cannot either. We are to love as we have been loved, to do for others what He has done for us – joining all things together in His Body, the Church.
We are to love like the singer of this week’s Psalm—like those whose prayers have been answered, like those whose lives has been saved, who have known the time of His favor, have seen God in His great mercy turn toward us.
This is the love that leads to eternal life, the love Jesus commands today of the scholar, and of each of us—”Go and do likewise.” – Read the source: https://stpaulcenter.com/reflections/what-we-must-do-scott-hahn-reflects-on-the-15th-sunday-in-ordinary-time

Reflection 2 – God’s command to love one’s neighbor
Today Jesus focuses on God’s command to LOVE one’s neighbor. He highlights that every believer should have- an unlimited commitment to help meet the needs of every man, a parent, a child, a sibling, an acquaintance or even one who has been considered an enemy and has grossly violated one’s trust.
Compassion is something our Lord wants to be deeply imbedded in our hearts as we relate with one another. Compassion is necessary to follow Christ and live according to His teachings.
Does this mean that God expects us to stop every time we see someone on the side of the road and help them fix a flat? Or give money and food to every homeless man we encounter in the streets of Manhattan?
May be not. But it certainly means that the “let someone else handle it ” or “I have given enough to the poor” attitude must be removed from our minds and hearts.
Through the parable of the Good Samaritan, Jesus somehow defined “who is my neighbor.” But in my heart the best and true story that defines “who is my neighbor” is God’s redemptive act of love for mankind when He sent Jesus to save us from total destruction. Talk about stopping at the side of the road to help a distressed driver, feeding the poor and hungry or caring for the sick, they all pale to what the Father did for us. All these fall short of the love and compassion Jesus had in his heart for all men as He accepted death on the Cross so that we will be healed, saved and be made acceptable in God’s kingdom.
Just imagine our plight if Jesus was not willing to take that extra step and in love reach down and lift us from the spiritual death which was upon all of us! If Jesus did not have compassion and kindness deeply imbedded in His heart we will still be gasping for air and in the middle of nowhere, flopping on the sand like a beached fish. Jesus was the only one who could do the perfect job for the Father and He did it with His whole heart, mind and soul.
In God’s divine plan He chose all of us to teach, to guide, to counsel, to aid, to help, to heal his flock but how have we received this commission? How often have we turned around and considered that such an act or ministry is not ours or such work is not within our own set of inclinations, preferred work and even God’s gifts to us?
Remember the words of Christ “whatsoever you do to the least of these, my brothers, you have done unto me.” To ignore God’s people especially those in need of compassion and love is to ignore Christ.
With today’s gospel Jesus exhorts all of us to embrace our neighbor just as He has embraced us. He does not want us to ignore those who are heavily burdened emotionally, financially and spiritually and assume that someone else will take care of them. Rather His desire is for us to be kind, merciful and full of compassion at all times.
Remember God constantly bends down and helps us whenever we are in need. As disciples of Jesus we should be able to imitate and follow His example. As His disciples we should keep our eyes and hearts open to the suffering and downtrodden, be focused on love rather than the spirit of the law and righteousness.
Direction
Do this and you shall live. Live a life or love. “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind; and your neighbor as yourself.”
Prayer
Heavenly Father pour grace upon me so that I may be your living witness of mercy and kindness, love and compassion. In Jesus, I pray. Amen.
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Reflection 3 – Vision-Mission of Jesus
Three friends went mountain climbing one winter. While they were up on the mountain, a severe storm broke out. The three friends were in a hurry to go down the slippery slopes. Unfortunately, one of them slipped and broke his leg. He could not walk. One friend, knowing that taking care of the injured would slow down their travel in the icy storm, suggested that they just leave him behind and move fast. But the second one could not even think of abandoning their injured friend. So, while the first friend hastily took off alone, the other friend lagged behind as he patiently carried his friend on his back. The next day, the two friends saw the lifeless body of their companion lying on the ground. He froze to death. The two moved very slowly but their bodies provided heat for each other and that saved them from the deadly cold weather.
This story illustrates that selfishness can be deadly. On the other hand, helping others could mean more burden and trouble on our part, but in reality, it could as well be our saving grace. In the Parable of the Good Samaritan, the priest and the Levite avoided the wounded man on the road. It is not that they did not care about the victim. They had their reasons. They did not want to be rendered defiled or ritually unclean just in case the victim was already dead. They also were in a hurry because of the imminent danger in the area. They did not want to get into any trouble or to disrupt their busy schedule. In other words, their priority was not the welfare of the other person, but their own safety, their job, and their comfort.
On the other hand, the Samaritan did not care about his own welfare. He approached the victim, brought him to an inn and cared for him, promising that he will return to make sure everything was paid for. He went out of his way to help the man. He did not mind that his journey was delayed or that he incurred unexpected expenses for somebody he did not even know. For him, the other person was as important as himself.
Jesus told the Parable of the Good Samaritan, not to embarrass the Jews who hated Samaritans, but to describe his own mission. In modern corporate parlance, this parable is the “Vision-Mission Statement” of Jesus. Some early Christian writers, like Origen, and the Church Fathers, notably St. Augustine, interpreted the parable in this way:
The traveler represents humanity. We are on constant journey in this world. However, the journey is not towards Jerusalem, the holy city, but towards Jericho, representing the enticements of the world. The robbers are the forces of evil in the world that lead us to sin. The wounds are the marks of our sins. When we are in sin, we are left for dead, stripped of all power and dignity. The priest and the Levite represent the Old Covenant. The priest is the Law; the Levite is the Prophets. They would not do anything to save us. Fortunately, the Son of God, Jesus, through his Incarnation, comes into our troubled world. He is the Good Samaritan. Though rejected by his own people, he is the one who rescues sinful humanity. He heals our wounds; he hoists us on the beast, the image of his own body; and brings us to an inn, the Church, his Mystical Body. The manager of the inn is the visible head of the Church to whom its care has been entrusted. He gives the innkeeper two coins, representing the two great commandments: love of God and love of neighbor. Then he promises to return, indicating that the Savior will come again, his Second Coming.
This is the Vision-Mission of Jesus. In a world full of selfishness, hopelessly fragmented, and painfully agonizing in violence and misery, Jesus envisions a world where people fully obey the will of the Father, transforming it into the Kingdom of God – a kingdom of peace, justice and love. The only way to achieve this vision is love of neighbor – by reaching out to others, getting out of our comfort zones, and being ready to be disturbed by the needs of others. Jesus shows us his own example as the Good Samaritan, the perfect image of true compassion and unconditional love. As followers of Jesus, we are invited to share in his mission: “Go, and do likewise.”
The world is severely afflicted with the sickness called selfishness. It is this sickness that makes people callous, indifferent and insensitive to the plight of their neighbors. Have you ever wondered why tyrants and dictators use the symbol of a clenched fist? A closed hand cannot and does not want to give. It wants everything for itself. But since it is closed, it also cannot receive. We may not admit it, but this is true to so many of us nowadays. We assume the closed fist attitude. We imprison ourselves in our own little worlds, and we do not want anyone to disturb our peace and comfort. We do not want to give, so we close our hands. But in effect, we also cannot receive. In a society of closed hands, life is meaningless – everything comes to a standstill. Nothing comes and nothing goes. This is what makes life ugly and miserable.
That is why sometimes something terrible happens in our world – terrorism, wars, natural calamities, accidents, economic collapse – not because God punishes us, but because we need something to shake us up from our stupor in complacency and self-sufficiency. We need to realize that we cannot remain unaffected by others. No one can be totally independent and self-sufficient. No man is an island. God created us as complementary and interdependent beings. We need each other. It is only in reaching out to others and in being one with them in their times of need that we discover the beautiful meaning of life. It is then that we begin to live life to the full as God wants for all of us.
When are we going to join Jesus in realizing His vision for the world? When do we begin to take part in His mission? Enough of our selfishness and closed-hand policy! It is time to open our hands and reach out to one another. After all, the hand is more beautiful when it is open. Let the words of Jesus continuously ring in our minds and hearts: “Go, and do likewise.” (Source: Fr. Mike Lagrimas, St. Michael the Archangel Parish, Amsterdam St., Capitol Park Homes, Old Balara, Quezon City)

Reflection 4 – Charity above all
In today’s Gospel (Lk 10:25-37) about the Good Samaritan, Jesus issues one of his most striking parables in response to a question that a lawyer posed as a way to test him. Our Lord had just given witness to the pair of commandments that sum up the whole of the Law: “You shall love the Lord your God will all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength, and with all your mind; and your neighbor as yourself.” We have heard these words so often that they might seem clear beyond any possible doubt. But the lawyer finds a way to ask a lawyerly question: “And who is my neighbor?”
The response that he gets makes the demanding nature of Jesus’ teaching clear: charity is not just a matter of being nice to those to whom it is nice to be nice. The virtue of charity that is required of us is a virtue of self-forgetfulness and dedication to others that is not reserved for our relatives or friends or co-workers. It is not something we may do when we find it convenient. It is not a mere ideal whose vagueness give us an excuse for explaining away our failures to act. The Lord makes the commandment of love for our neighbor second only to the commandment of love for God, and the unforgettable story he creates about the Good Samaritan gives us reason to examine our consciences carefully when we notice someone truly in need and yet are inclined to excuse ourselves from intervening.
Curiously, the setting of the story on a lonely road from Jerusalem to Jericho could make us less sensitive to its applicability to modern society (as the incredible network of emergency responders that we are fortunate to have monitoring our highways and public areas could very well let us presume that someone else will take care of accidents and injuries). This parable, after all, is designed to elucidate the meaning of brotherhood, and the moral that Jesus draws by the story’s end is that we are to show mercy like the Samaritan did when he encountered someone in desperate need. The circumstances in which we are likely to encounter such a person might vary considerably.
Imagine, for instance, someone who is less than popular at work and who is being denied due process when powerful people are intent on terminating his job. It would be wonderful if we had enough savior faire to get the person a fair hearing without offending anyone. But more often than not, standing up to the powerful, or to peer pressure, will entail some risk to our own standing. The definition of a wimp is someone who wants to be liked at all costs, and the temptation to wimp out in the defense of the weak, so as not to be disliked ourselves, can be enormous. But the parable that Christ tells here challenges that inclination. Love your neighbor as yourself, and our neighbor is the one in need.
How are we to develop a virtue like this? In the natural order, the best recipe for growing in the virtues is practice, practice, practice. We can develop moderation and temperance, for instance, by repeatedly making choices to limit our consumption of certain pleasures like alcohol or cigarettes. It may well be hard in the beginning, and we may need lots of support from others to sustain our quest for that virtue against the tendency to give in to our desires. Likewise, if we are given to white lies and want to grow in truthfulness, we can make some progress by first holding ourselves back from speaking too quickly, and perhaps we can even deny ourselves the opportunity to speak at all on a given topic if we notice any readiness to bend the truth. The asceticism involved in thinking before we speak can thus promote a firmer truthfulness while simultaneously making us more judicious when we do speak.
But even more important for the cultivation of the virtue of love that is at the center of today’s Gospel is the need to keep our eyes fixed on Christ. We might remember, for example, his own way of practicing what he preached. When confronted by certain scribes and Pharisees who were ready to use the stoning of a woman caught in adultery as a way to trap him, Jesus takes the risk of resisting their pressure. In fact, he shows us how to play for time by drawing in the sand for a moment before he answers (Jn 8:6). The counter-challenge that he creates (“Let him who is without sin among you be the first to throw a stone at her”) involves no denial of her guilt. In fact, before that story ends, he will tell her to go and sin no more. But what is especially pertinent for our present purposes is the way in which he forces his opponents to examine their own consciences and then to withdraw.
The self-forgetfulness and dedication to others of the love that is central to his commandment about loving one’s neighbor as oneself is not just about the victims of robbery and traffic accidents. Rare as this virtue may be in modern society, we are called to it by Christ. (Source: Fr. Joseph Koterski, SJ, “Homilies for Sunday Liturgies and Feasts,” Homiletic & Pastoral Review, Vol. CX, No. 9. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, June/July 2010, pp. 35-37; Suggested Readings from the Catechism: 1822-1829).

Reflection 5 – Just Do It
Several years ago I had a friend who really struggled with prayer. He wanted to know the various aspects of prayer, the differences between contemplative and intercessory prayer, the various types of written prayers, to go along with an extemporary manner of praying that he had heard growing up. Eventually, his frustration with prayer led him to a wise spiritual elder that he hoped could help him. He described his trips to various parts of the world to observe different faith traditions at prayer. He had gone to charismatic prayer meetings, monasteries where they prayed the Liturgy of the Hours, ashrams where he observed meditation, churches that had lengthy prayer gatherings, and just about every other potential situation where he could observe people at prayer. I’ve read at least three dozen books on prayer, he exclaimed. I am so frustrated. What do I need to do, he asked? The advice of the old man? Start praying!
I love this first reading. Moses has led the people for forty years, and he is about to die. These words are some of his last to the people. Moses had learned a lot about human nature, and how the Evil One can mess with our hearts. You shall not steal. “Oh, that teaching is too mysterious for me.” What part of “stop taking other people’s stuff” do you not understand? “Oh, that teaching is too advanced for me. I don’t get it.” So, “you don’t have sex outside of marriage” is that too advanced a thought for you?
Admittedly, I am over-simplifying things. There are difficult teachings. There are hard sayings of Jesus. Not everything is as simple as “do this” and “don’t do that.” However, Moses gets to the crux of many of the moral issues we face today. It is not that we do not know what to do— “you have only to carry it out.” The truth is that we have not been converted. I want to do what I want to do. I have not returned to the Lord with all my heart and all my soul.
Back before the Supreme Court came out with its same-sex marriage ruling, I was in a discussion with a group of people who wanted to accept and practice same-sex marriage, but also wanted to follow Christ. As we discussed the Scriptures, I set forth what those scriptures relating to homosexuality and marriage had historically meant to Jews and Christians. Various individuals struggled to overcome the plain meaning of those passages. Finally, one person said, “I really don’t care what the Scriptures say on this subject. Heck, I don’t care what God thinks about it. I know what I want.” Praise God, an honest person. Those Christian teachings aren’t mysterious, he said; I just reject them. This is the heart of the matter. Until I return to the Lord with my heart and soul, it won’t matter what I understand God to be saying.
In our parish, I lead our R.C.I.A. efforts, and prepare people to come into the Catholic Church. With few exceptions, the people I meet who are drawn to the Church truly want to be Catholics in-fact, and not in-name only. It is beautiful to see them learn what the Church teaches, and then ask questions as to how to put the teaching into practice. Some things are simple, as Moses said, they have only to carry it out. Other things are more difficult, for example, what all is included in remembering the Sabbath day in order to keep it holy? Yet, they desire to do God’s will. Their hearts and souls are being reformed. They don’t struggle nearly like the person who isn’t sure that he wants to follow the Church’s teachings. I recently had a colleague where I work ask me what I thought about the statement that a person makes when he or she are received into the Catholic Church, namely, “I believe and profess all that the holy Catholic Church believes, teaches, and proclaims to be revealed by God.” He asked me this as a cradle Catholic who regularly dissents from Church teaching, and cannot imagine anyone being able to make this profession. I responded that the folks in R.C.I.A. realize that they do not understand everything, but that they trust the Lord and the Catholic Church. As St. Augustine said, they are people of faith seeking understanding.
Has my heart and soul been reformed? Am I in love with God? Do I trust him? When I do, a lot of what I am called to do is simple and easy—I have only to carry it out. The rest may be mysterious and beyond my comprehension, but, in humility, I trust the Church and follow her guidance. For further reading, see Catechism of the Catholic Church, section 158. – Read the source: http://www.hprweb.com/2016/06/homilies-for-july-2016/

Reflection 6 – Jesus, our compassionate savior
Last Sunday we heard about the mission of the seventy-two who were sent out by the Lord to proclaim the kingdom of God. This week, it is the scholar of the law who comes to Jesus and asks about eternal life.
Most of us are so familiar with the parable of the Good Samaritan that we can easily hear it without really listening to it. It’s easy to do that sometimes with passages of scripture we know so well. The story is simple. A man who is going from Jerusalem to Jericho is robbed, beaten, and nearly killed. It was a dangerous road. A priest and a Levite walk past the injured man, and a Samaritan stops to care for him. The Samaritan treats the wounds of the injured man with wine, oil, and bandages. The Samaritan takes him to an inn, pays for his care, and promises to pay for any additional needs when he returns. The Samaritan demonstrates what is means to be a neighbor.
We want to be good neighbors. The law of God invites us to love God and love our neighbor. That is not a mysterious commandment. It is not something hidden from our view. This commandment is near to us, in our mouths and in our hearts. We know it and we can follow it.
The difference between the Samaritan and the priest and the Levite was more than just their actions. We do not know why the priest and the Levite did not stop to help the injured man. We do know why the Samaritan stopped to help the injured man: he was moved with compassion. From the compassion that he felt for this unknown injured man on the side of the road, the Samaritan carried out the love of neighbor.
We want to be compassionate neighbors. The word compassion means to suffer with. To be compassionate means that we are willing to suffer with those who are suffering. The Samaritan was willing to suffer and willing to sacrifice for the injured man. His act of charity cost him. It cost him wine, oil, and bandages made of cloth. It cost him comfort on the journey because he gave the injured man his own place on the animal he was riding. It cost him the two silver coins that he gave to the innkeeper, and whatever he would pay on his return. And it cost him the most precious gift that we can give to another: it cost him time. The Samaritan was willing to suffer with the suffering. That is what it means to be a neighbor.
And that is part of what it means to be a follower of the Lord Jesus. We suffer with the suffering. In union with Christ who suffered for us, we suffer with the poor, the injured, the sick, the rejected, and the dying. We suffer with those who have been cast to the side of the road in our society: the unborn, the immigrant, the elderly, the mentally ill, and the disabled. Each of us was marked with the sign of Christ’s glorious sufferings in our baptism. Every vocation is marked with the blessing of Christ’s holy cross. Mothers suffer with and for their children. Fathers suffering with and for their families. Teachers suffer with and for their students. Husbands suffer for their wives, and wives suffer for their husbands. Priests suffer with and for their people, and the holy people of God suffer with and for their priests. We are the neighbors, and we are the people Christ calls us to be when we are willing to suffer with those who suffer.
But we were not the first to suffer. We suffer in union with Christ on the cross. For in truth, we are not the Good Samaritan in the parable. We are the injured man. And Christ our Savior traveling to the road to the heavenly city of Jerusalem looked was moved with compassion for each of us. Jesus approached us while we were still sinners. He bathed us in the wine of his blood and anointed us with the oil of gladness. He carried us in his own body and placed us in the inn which is his holy Church. He left the two precious coins of his Word and his Sacraments until his return in glory.
And now, at the altar, we meet him. Our compassionate Savior meets us in our suffering and gives us eyes to recognize his presence and eyes to recognize those who are suffering. Here we are strengthened to suffer with Christ and for Christ who willing and lovingly and compassionately suffered for us. – Read the source: https://www.hprweb.com/2019/07/homilies-for-july-2019/

Reflection 7 – Go and do likewise
If God is all-loving and compassionate, then why is there so much suffering and evil in this world? Many agnostics refuse to believe in God because of this seemingly imponderable problem. If God is love then evil and suffering must be eliminated in all its forms. What is God’s answer to this human dilemma? Jesus’ parable about a highway robbery gives us a helpful hint. Jesus told this dramatic story in response to a devout Jew who wanted to understand how to apply God’s great commandment of love to his everyday life circumstances. In so many words this religious-minded Jew said: “I want to love God as best as I can and I want to love my neighbor as well. But how do I know that I am fulfilling my duty to love my neighbor as myself?”
Jesus must have smiled when he heard this man challenge him to explain one’s duty towards their neighbor. For the Jewish believer the law of love was plain and simple: “treat your neighbor as you would treat yourself.” The real issue for this believer was the correct definition of who is “my neighbor”. He understood “neighbor” to mean one’s fellow Jew who belonged to the same covenant which God made with the people of Israel. Up to a certain point, Jesus agreed with this sincere expert but, at the same time, he challenged him to see that God’s view of neighbor went far beyond his narrow definition.
God’s love and mercy extends to all
Jesus told a parable to show how wide God’s love and mercy is towards every fellow human being. Jesus’ story of a brutal highway robbery was all too familiar to his audience. The road from Jerusalem to Jericho went through a narrow winding valley surrounded by steep rocky cliffs. Many wealthy Jews from Jerusalem had winter homes in Jerico. This narrow highway was dangerous and notorious for its robbers who could easily ambush their victim and escape into the hills. No one in his right mind would think of traveling through this dangerous highway alone. It was far safer to travel with others for protection and defense.
Our prejudice gets in the way of mercy
So why did the religious leaders refuse to give any help when they saw a half-dead victim lying by the roadside? Didn’t they recognize that this victim was their neighbor? And why did a Samaritan, an outsider who was despised by the Jews, treat this victim with special care at his own expense as he would care for his own family? Who was the real neighbor who showed brotherly compassion and mercy? Jesus makes the supposed villain, the despised Samaritan, the merciful one as an example for the status conscious Jews. Why didn’t the priest and Levite stop to help? The priest probably didn’t want to risk the possibility of ritual impurity. His piety got in the way of charity. The Levite approached close to the victim, but stopped short of actually helping him. Perhaps he feared that bandits were using a decoy to ambush him. The Levite put personal safety ahead of saving his neighbor.
God expects us to be merciful as he is merciful
What does Jesus’ story tell us about true love for one’s neighbor? First, we must be willing to help even if others brought trouble on themselves through their own fault or negligence. Second, our love and concern to help others in need must be practical. Good intentions and showing pity, or emphathizing with others, are not enough. And lastly, our love for others must be as wide and as inclusive as God’s love. God excludes no one from his care and concern. God’s love is unconditional. So we must be ready to do good to others for their sake, just as God is good to us.
Jesus not only taught God’s way of love, but he showed how far God was willing to go to share in our suffering and to restore us to wholeness of life and happiness. Jesus overcame sin, suffering, and death through his victory on the cross. His death brought us freedom from slavery to sin and the promise of everlasting life with God. He willingly shared in our suffering to bring us to the source of true healing and freedom from sin and oppression. True compassion not only identifies and emphathizes with the one who is in pain, but takes that pain on oneself in order to bring freedom and restoration.
The cross shows us God’s perfect love and forgiveness
Jesus truly identified with our plight, and he took the burden of our sinful condition upon himself. He showed us the depths of God’s love and compassion, by sharing in our suffering and by offering his life as an atoning sacrifice for our sins upon the cross. His suffering is redemptive because it brings us healing and restoration and the fulness of eternal life. God offers us true freedom from every form of oppression, sin, and suffering. And that way is through the cross of Jesus Christ. Are you ready to embrace the cross of Christ, to suffer for his sake, and to lay down your life out of love for your neighbor?
“Lord Jesus, may your love always be the foundation of my life. Free me from every fear and selfish-concern that I may freely give myself in loving service to others, even to the point of laying my life down for their sake.” – Read the source: http://www.rc.net/wcc/readings/jul10.htm
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Reflection 8 – A Good Neighbor
Which of these three do you think was neighbor to him who fell among the thieves? —Luke 10:36
When Fred Rogers died February 27, 2003, scores of newspapers carried the story as front-page news, and almost every headline included the word neighbor. As host of the long-running children’s television show Mr. Rogers’ Neighborhood, he was well known to millions of children and their parents as a kind, gentle, warm person who genuinely believed “each person is special, deep inside, just the way they are.”
Mr. Rogers once told a journalist: “When we look at our neighbor with appreciative eyes, . . . with gratitude for who that person truly is, then I feel we are arm in arm with Christ Jesus, the advocate of eternal good.” Because Rogers recognized the value of each person, he believed in being a good neighbor to all.
When Jesus was asked, “Who is my neighbor?” He told the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:29-35). At the conclusion of this story, the Lord asked, “Which of these three do you think was neighbor to him who fell among the thieves?” The answer? “He who showed mercy on him” (vv.36-37).
Who in our “neighborhood” needs a kind word, an arm of friendship, or an act of encouragement today? Jesus calls us to show love and compassion to others as we love God with all our heart, and our neighbor as ourselves.
— David C. McCasland
How many lives shall I touch today?
How many neighbors will pass my way?
I can bless so many and help so much
If I meet each one with a Christlike touch. —Jones
Your love for your neighbor is proof of your love for God (Source: Our Daily Bread, RBC Ministries).

Reflection 9 – The Good Atheist
You shall love your neighbor as yourself. —Romans 13:9
When a man learned that an elderly woman could no longer buy her medicine and pay her rent, he came to her rescue. He took her into his home and treated her as if she were his mother. He gave her a bedroom, prepared the food for her meals, bought her medicine, and transported her whenever she needed medical attention. He continued to care for her when she could no longer do much for herself. I was amazed when I learned that this good man was a zealous atheist!
The Jews were shocked by Jesus’ parable of the Good Samaritan, because He put him in a positive light. They despised the Samaritans the way I tend to look down on atheists.
A lawyer had tested Jesus by asking how he could inherit eternal life. Jesus asked him what the law said. The man answered that he must love the Lord with all his heart and his neighbor as himself (Luke 10:25-27). He asked Jesus, “Who is my neighbor?” (v.29). In Jesus’ story, the Samaritan was the neighbor who showed kindness to the wounded man.
Jesus wanted this parable to challenge His listeners. The stories of the Good Samaritan and the good atheist remind us of this high standard of God’s Word: “Love your neighbor as yourself” (Romans 13:9).
— Herbert Vander Lugt
To love my neighbor as myself
Is not an easy task,
But God will show His love through me
If only I will ask. —Sper
Needy people need our helping hand (Source: Our Daily Bread, RBC Ministries).

Reflection 10 – Eyes Of Compassion
A certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was. And when he saw him, he had compassion. —Luke 10:33
As Francisco Venegas, a school custodian in Colorado, watched the children on the playground, he saw a 9-year-old girl fall off a bench for no apparent reason. Another time he noticed her face twisted in a strange expression. Sensing that something was wrong, Francisco reported what he had seen to the school office.
A few days later, the girl had a seizure and was rushed to the hospital. The information that Francisco provided led doctors to perform a brain scan, and they found a tumor. Successful surgery and recovery followed.
Many people have called Francisco Venegas a “good samaritan,” a name drawn from a story Jesus told about three people who saw a man in need. The first two “passed by on the other side” (Luke 10:31-32). But the third, a Samaritan, showed compassion (vv.33-35).
Compassion cannot see someone in need without helping. It accepts the consequences of getting involved because it cannot bear to turn away. Compassion comes from a heart that is tender toward God and fellow travelers on the road of life.
Jesus’ story of the Good Samaritan ends with a command for each of us: “Go and do likewise” (v.37). Jesus sees everyone through eyes of compassion, and He calls us to do the same. — David C. McCasland
When you see someone in need,
Love demands a loving deed;
Don’t just say you love him true,
Prove it by the deeds you do. —Sper
Compassion is love in action (Source: Our Daily Bread, RBC Ministries).

Reflection 11 – New Neighbors
Who is my neighbor? —Luke 10:29
On December 26, 2004, masses of people suddenly became our new neighbors. They were left with broken lives after a monstrous tsunami swept across 12 Asian countries, killing tens of thousands of their friends, relatives, and countrymen. Millions of survivors became destitute. But how did they become our neighbors?
According to Jesus’ parable of the Good Samaritan in Luke 10, a neighbor is one who shows mercy on the needy. A lawyer had asked Jesus, “Who is my neighbor?” (v.29). Jesus told him about an injured traveler who had been attacked by thieves, ignored by a priest and a Levite, and helped by a Samaritan. Then He asked, “Which of these three do you think was neighbor to him who fell among the thieves?” The lawyer answered correctly, “He who showed mercy on him” (vv.36-37).
Needy people who cross our path become our new neighbors, and we must be a neighbor by helping them. Too often we think of neighbors as related to us by geography. Instead, Jesus indicated that we are to consider anyone in need as a neighbor regardless of who they are or where they live.
Look around. Someone needs your help, mercy, and love. They are your new neighbors.
— Dave Branon
Reach out in Jesus’ name
With helping hands of care
To those who are in need
And caught in life’s despair. —Sper
Good exercise for the heart: Reach out and help your neighbor (Source: Our Daily Bread, RBC Ministries).

Reflection 12 – Exercise Your Right
Let our people also learn to maintain good works, to meet urgent needs. –Titus 3:14
Thomas Jefferson, who in 1776 wrote the first draft of the US Declaration of Independence, took it for granted that all of us possess certain God-given, “unalienable rights.” Yet, even in a democracy, there is fierce discussion about who is entitled to what rights.
Christians can look at rights from another perspective. Instead of being concerned about ourselves, we can think about what others need. In that sense, we have the “right” to help others, just as the Good Samaritan did (Luke 10:30-37). This parable is an illustration of our Savior’s own example, for we read in Acts 10:38 that He “went about doing good.”
Believers ought to follow Jesus’ example and be “do-gooders.” Even though that term is often used negatively, we who are grateful for God’s redemptive grace want to share with others the good things He gives to us.
We know that the gospel is far more than a humanitarian message of doing good and being good. It’s the message that God has provided forgiveness of sins through the death and resurrection of His Son. As we exercise our “right” to help people around us, let’s also prayerfully share with them that good news. — Vernon C. Grounds
To weary souls along life’s road,
Help me, O Lord, to share their load;
To fallen souls enslaved in sin,
Help me, O Lord, their souls to win. —Jarvis
A heart that is open to Christ will be open to those He loves (Source: Our Daily Bread, RBC Ministries).

Reflection 13 – God Put You In My Way
He, wanting to justify himself, said to Jesus, “And who is my neighbor?” —Luke 10:29
In the movie The Four Feathers, Harry Faversham left England in the 1880s to search for his friends in the King’s army in the Sudan. In his quest, Harry got lost and was near death in the vast deserts of Africa. Then, as his life was ebbing away, he was rescued by an African, Abou Fatma, who cared for him.
Stunned by the man’s kindness to a stranger, Harry asked why his new friend had done so much for him. Fatma’s response was direct: “God put you in my way!”
In the parable of the Good Samaritan, a priest and a religious scholar, whose calling was to help the downtrodden, ignored the need of a fallen traveler who had been left to die on the Jericho Road. A hated Samaritan, however, gave his time and resources to help the hurting man, displaying Christ’s compassion. He bandaged his wounds, brought him to an inn, “and took care of him” (Luke 10:34). The ravaged man had been put in the way of all three travelers, but only the Samaritan responded.
As we move through life, we are challenged to respond to the needs of people. We will either show them Christ’s love or be indifferent. How will we respond to those God chooses to put in our way? — Bill Crowder
Lord, I need Your help even to see the needs of people
around me and then to know how to care for them.
Give me a heart of compassion like Yours and
opportunities to express Your love.
Compassion never goes out of fashion (Source: Our Daily Bread, RBC Ministries).

Reflection 14 – Divine interruptions
A Samaritan made his way down to Jericho and encountered a wounded Jew lying alongside the road. Others had hurried by, too busy with own affairs to be interrupted. But the Samaritan, who was hated by the Jews and would be expected to pass by, “had compassion.” He “bandaged his wounds… set him on his own animal, brought him to an inn, and took care of him” (Lk 10:33-34).
God’s will come to us in strange ways, often in the form of interruptions. Just when we think our duties are done for the day and we’ve settled in for a quiet evening at home, someone calls on the telephone or shows up on our doorstep asking for our time. “Are you busy?” they ask. The best thing to do is to stop looking at these intrusions as interruptions. Instead, we should take them as opportunities that God is sending us to serve those in need – to listen well, to show love, to help them on their journey toward intimacy with God.
One early Christian writer, Jean-Pierre de Caussade, said, “Love is the duty of the present moment.” No matter what else we may have planned, love is our duty. “Who is my neighbor?” I ask. Jesus answers, “The person in need I’m sending your way.”
“Lord, if I’m feeling rushed today. I need your eyes to help me see that when an interruption comes it is an opportunity.”

Reflection 15 – Enough love to heal the world
The opposite of love is not hate. It’s apathy: ignoring a need, not caring, and doing nothing when there is something we can do to relieve suffering. In this Sunday’s Gospel reading, Jesus gives us the Parable of the Good Samaritan to explain that if we love God with our whole heart, our whole being, our whole strength, and our whole mind, we naturally care about other people, even those who are strangers, even those whom we’re “not supposed to” like, and even when it costs us something personally.
Many of the problems that exist in our world today are allowed to continue because too many of us Christians — we who through Christ have the power to change the world — do not care enough to sacrifice our time and personal agendas to get involved. Much of the suffering that’s endured in our families and workplaces and parishes would be stopped or relieved if enough Christians loved God enough to care about others enough to risk the cost of intervening.
How much do you love God? The answer lies in how much you’re willing to sacrifice for the sake of loving others, which is the definition of love that Jesus taught us with this parable and with his life.
None of us love God perfectly yet. Purgatory will be a time of painfully regretting our lack of love, while eagerly improving our love for others so we can enter into the fullness of God’s love in heaven. Until then, we have daily opportunities, here and now, to purify our lives less painfully. Daily we’re given tests to improve how well we love others.
So daily ask the Holy Spirit, your teacher, your empowerer, your source of holiness, to help you become more like Christ. Ask the Holy Spirit to help you love all others as Christ loves them.
By doing this spiritual exercise consistently, you will receive a new joy and an enlivened passion in dealing with others. You will feel greater love for God and you will experience his love for you much more intimately.
Questions for Personal Reflection:
Whom do you pass by and ignore when you see suffering? Is there anyone you’ve recently walked away from because you didn’t want to give up something (perhaps your time, pride, prejudice, feeling of inadequacy, resentment or unforgiveness)? Take it to the Sacrament of Confession to receive God’s grace and help in loving others more fully.
Questions for Family & Community Faith Sharing:
Name a “Good Samaritan” you know or have read about. What did this person give up to serve others? How do such people find the ability to love so well? Describe a situation you’ve witnessed where apathy has contributed to someone’s suffering. How could love make a difference? Read the source: http://gnm.org/good-news-reflections/?useDrDate=2016-07-09

Reflection 16 – Turn to love by being close to others, as Christ became close to us
With the wish to understand that to love the neighbor implies to convert ourselves to the love of God and to share life with our neighbor
Foreground:
I think that the parable of the Good Samaritan puts the accent on the verb “to love” more than on the word “neighbor”. The Samaritan sees the wounded, has compassion (a human feeling that should dwell in every man, even in a man we believe to be different from us) and his actions are described one by one almost in slow motion. The Samaritan did not ask who the wounded man was. His help is disinterested, generous and concrete. Here’s what it means to love others.
Furthermore, at the end of today’s gospel passage, Jesus asks the scribe this question: “Who of these three (the Levite, the priest, and the Samaritan) has come close to the one who was robbed and wounded by thieves?”
The important point is to go from the neighbor as an object to be loved to the neighbor as a subject that loves. Our needing neighbor cannot be defined, it is the one we come across by chance. The problem is another: it is to ask ourselves if we have within us the closeness to the needs of the others whoever they are. This is the real problem. The scribe who had a theological question to ask, sees himself invited to convert.
Jesus asks him to convert his compassion not only as an expression but as an action, translating compassion into concrete actions.
- Four characters and a place to be identified
To help our conversion I’d like to propose the following questions:
Who is the priest? I am that priest.
Who is the Levite? I am that Levite.
Who is the wounded man? I am the wounded man.
Who is the Samaritan? Jesus. What does He do? He becomes my neighbor, He takes care of me so that He becomes like me: He is wounded, naked, crucified for me and I’m healed, my dignity is given back to me and I’m brought back to life.
The priest and the Levite had finished their service in the Temple of Jerusalem and were going home. They see the wounded man but don’t stop. Perhaps, they thought that he was already dead and didn’t want to touch him because it was an impure act to touch a dead body (Lev 21:1). Perhaps, they feared to become themselves victim of an assault. These fears were stronger than compassion. As priest and Levite, they represented the wise men that had to incarnate the commandment of God’s love. What about love for the neighbor? Unfortunately cult and compassion were two different things.
And what is the inn? It is the Church.
- Who is our neighbor? (1)
We are used to the expression” Good Samaritan”; it seems a common saying but it is not so obvious. It is an oxymoron (a contradiction). (2)
For the Jews, the Samaritans were heretic, separatist, more despised than the pagans. For a Jew it would not have been possible to consider a Samaritan as his neighbor. Jesus doesn’t say that the wounded man must be helped because he is their neighbor but He “dares” to donate to his countrymen a Samaritan as the example of human and divine compassion for a happy and eternal life.
This “gift” has been so well understood by the Church that Jesus has been forever indicated as the “Good Samaritan” and the Church becomes “neighbor” to the suffering humanity. Christ, and the Church with Him, bend over the weak and wounded man to save him because God’s kingdom has this “cost”: compassion.
The son of God, the incarnate Mercy, carries God’s blessing becoming neighbor to men that are by Him pitied, nursed and healed for the Kingdom of God.
To make us understand the greatness and the intensity of this proximity, Jesus uses various parables: the one of the good shepherd that saves the sheep condemned to death ( John 10:10), the one of the son of the owner of the vineyard that arrives after the messengers that were send in vain ( Jh 10;Lk 20:9-18) and the one of the Samaritan that tells of a traveler that doesn’t avoid a wounded man but with compassion kneels next to him and removes him from the road.
Let’s imagine the scene and let’s become the wounded man that is rescued by the Samaritan who arrives after the priest and the Levite that didn’t want or couldn’t help him, maybe because he was unknown to them or not belonging to their family or their tribe. Here, we can see mirrored the history of salvation in which Jesus is a despised Samaritan, reveals what the other techniques of salvation had forgotten, and builds where these techniques had failed.
In Christ God became near to man with a simple and human figure. The God that we now know is not” too high up nor too far away” from us, and His law is very close to us. It is in our mouth and in our heart so that we put it in practice (first reading of the Roman Rite). Only doing what Christ has done we can truly encounter our Neighbor (God) and our neighbor (men and women). Our heart matures only in welcoming the Other and the other and has only one “nice flaw”, it needs to be loved.
At the end of the parable, Jesus reverses the second question of the doctor of the Law (the first one had been “Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?”).(3) The doctor had asked: “Who is my neighbor?”
The question seems to have been formulated to convince Jesus that “to love God” is without limits but that “to love the neighbor” has defined limits. I think that the question implies that we can choose the neighbor we must love and that we have the possibility to refuse those not worthy to be loved. Jesus revolves it:” Which of these three, had compassion (4) for him?” It is important not only to know whom we must have compassion for but also to know who has compassion for us. Today, He wants to teach us not so much who is our neighbor as to make us understand Who comes near us lying on the road. In the foreground, there is not the one who organizes his compassion and distributes it to those he thinks that deserve it, but the one who is in need and waits for a sign of compassion by a Traveller approaching, nursing and so becoming his neighbor.
- The price of the Kingdom of God: compassion
If on the above lines I suggested to identify ourselves with the wounded man so that we can understand that our neighbor is Christ, now I suggest identifying oneself with the Samaritan to be near to the wounded humanity that desires to rise up but cannot do it alone. The priest and the Levite didn’t stop as the Samaritan did because their eyes were not those of the Lord. On the contrary, the Samaritan has God’s eyes and looks at humanity as Jesus does: “Christ, the Son of God, looks at the human pain and uses this pain to reveal his love and to incarnate his mercy. How much “descending” must be done in me if only the pain can reveal God’s love to me! How much charity must be done by God if He had to go with us to our Calvary so that we can believe in Love!”(Father Primo Mazzolari, Time to believe, Brescia 1964, page 103)
This love is moved and has compassion, a word that, even if it less strong than the Greek word that indicate a” moved womb”, indicates not the giving of the wealthy person to the poor or the rescue by a healthy person of the ill one, but it means living together the passion for the life of the brother whose humanity has been wounded.
The etymology of the word compassion pushes us to live it feeling the pain of the other as if it were ours. The doctor of the Law has understood it very well. Jesus then reaffirms his answer and invites him to do the same. Charity is mission in compassion; it is to follow Christ in our daily life. To do so Jesus asks for complete availability and pushes us to work for a common cause, and to enter a history and stability of life. This is the way to eternal life: to go the same way that Jesus has described and done coming to live in the place of our illness.
We should ask Christ to give us a look and a heart like his. While reason wants to measure the gift of God based on what she can understand, Christ reveals to us His unimaginable tender Heart. Many people in the Church have understood and welcomed this heart and his tenderness.
I’d like to cite the example of a Missionary of Charity that I met in Rome. She was an Italian nun who at 60 had left the Congregation where she was General Counselor to become a nun in the Missionaries of Charity. Mother Theresa of Calcutta welcomed her and with maternal concern advised her to go to Calcutta when the weather would have been less harsh. After a month of getting accustomed to the new life, she sent the “new” sister to work (or as Mother Theresa used to say, “To do apostolate”) in the House of the dying. In this House of mercy, there are many small rooms where the dying is assisted with love. On the walls of every room, there is written a phrase from the Gospel. The Italian nun started to wash the wounds of an ill person while looking at the wall where it was written: “This is my body”. At the end of her “apostolate”, the nun returned to the convent for dinner. Mother Theresa asked her: ”What did you do this afternoon?” The nun answered: ”I’ve been with Jesus for three hours’”. Like a merciful woman following the steps of the Samaritan, she had bent over the man with whom Jesus identifies himself: “I was hungry, I was thirsty, I was a prisoner, I was ill, and I was naked. I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me.’(Mt 25:35).
Let us live in mercy and let us practice compassion kneeling in front of our neighbor as Jesus did washing the feet and on the Cross, and as many men and women do when they wash the material and spiritual wounds of their brothers and sisters.
Looking at us in this communion of reciprocal mercy the others will be able to “read” the Gospel and to “see” it in action. Through our life in Christ truth is given to the men of wisdom and love is given to the hearts.
God puts himself in our hands of mercy. We are the only ones responsible for this mercy; let’s not delegate this responsibility to others. Every one of us had the duty to carry in his heart the Living God who never imposes but proposes calling us to live his pilgrimage and to open the door He is knocking at: “Behold, I stand at the door and knock:” If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, [then] I will enter his house and dine with him, and he with me” (Rev 3:20).
What I’ve said is valid for all Christians, religious and lay people. To what do the consecrated people consecrate themselves and how the vocation to be Samaritans is specified? They must show with their life that cult and compassion are not in contrast. To a nun who was asking to Saint Vincent de Paolis:” If I’m doing the adoration to the Blessed Sacrament and a poor knocks at the door what should I do? Should I continue my adoration or go to the poor?” The Saint founder of the Daughters of Mercy answered: “You don’t abandon God if you abandon God for God”. That not only means that God is in the poor but that consequently, we can stop praying to help the needy. It means also that in a virginal consecration to God, one has eyes so pure that he or she sees God in the poor and serves Him in mercy and in praise.
- The Inn of “ All are welcomed”
In today’s parable, Jesus tells also that the Samaritan took the wounded man in the house of “All are welcomed” translated as an inn. (5) .
This “All are welcomed” is a fragile house suspended between Jericho and Jerusalem that is built wherever a person is willing to welcome everybody.
God welcomes everybody into a profound sign of love.
The Church welcomes all in a maternal way. In this “public lodging” the suffering person is nursed in the same way a mother bends over her child to take care of him. This taking care (6) (that in the Greek word indicates how a mother bends over her child) means that it is a concern that becomes action. The Consecrated Virgins are called in a particular way to this service of maternal care. The Rite of Consecration invites them to dedicate themselves to nurse the physical and moral sores of every brother and sister wounded in the body and in the soul because, thanks to a pure heart, they see in the face of suffering the Face of the faces: the one of Christ.
- Neighbor, in Greek “pleison” and in Hebrew “re’a”, indicates “one who is near, who lives nearby and with whom we share something. For the Jew, it was his countryman because he was a member of the chosen people. At maximum, they could include the ones who had converted to Judaism.
- An oxymoron (it is a Greek word from oxus= pointed and moros=blunt) is a rhetorical figure that is made by the union of two opposite contradictory terms or any way in strong antithesis. The result is that of an apparent paradox. For example lucid madness, silent tumult, deafening silence, parallel convergences, senseless sense and disgusting pleasure. If some oxymoron has been devised to capture the reader’s attention, others are born to indicate a reality that doesn’t have a name. This can happen because a word was never created or because the code of the language, for its formal limits, must contradict itself to indicate some deep concepts. This is the case of the expression “good Samaritan”.
- The Jew doctors of the Law counted 613 precepts, 365 negatives (one for each day of the year) and 248 positives like the numbers of the bones. It indicated that every day the law enters in a negative way inside a man to purify him, to remove the negativity of evil and to penetrate in a positive way into the bones, the structure of the body, to structure man into right.
- The Greek text says splancnizomai “to be moved, to be caught in the deep of the womb” and in the deep of the soul, the maternal, loving womb typical of God whose look toward us becomes compassion. Today we translate it with “to have compassion” weakening the original vividness of the text. Because of the lightning of mercy that strikes the soul of the Samaritan, he becomes a neighbor going beyond every question and every danger. The question has changed, it is not anymore a matter to establish who our neighbor is or who is not. It concerns me. I must become neighbor to the other so that he or she is important for me like “myself”.
- In the Greek writing, it is uses the word pandocheion that means “to welcome all” and it is a house between Jerusalem, the celestial Jerusalem, and Jericho. This house that welcomes all is the symbol of the Church that welcomes everybody.
- In Greek the word epemelethe means to take care, to worry, to vigil, go out of one’s way.
PATRISTIC READINGS: ST AMBROSE OF MILAN
Concerning Repentance. Book 1, Chapter 6
The Novatians, by excluding such from the banquet of Christ, imitate not indeed the good Samaritan, but the proud lawyer, the priest, and the Levite who are blamed in the Gospel, and are indeed worse than these.
- Do you then, O Novatians, shut out these? For what is it when you refuse the hope of forgiveness but to shut out? But the Samaritan did not pass by the man who had been left half dead by the robbers; he dressed his wounds with oil and wine, first pouring in oil in order to comfort them; he set the wounded man on his own beast, on which he bore all his sins; nor did the Shepherd despise His wandering sheep.
- But you say: “Touch me not.” You who wish to justify yourselves say, “He is not our neighbor,” being more proud than that lawyer who wished to tempt Christ, for he said, “Who is my neighbor?” He asked, you deny, going on like that priest, like that Levite passing by him whom you ought to have taken and tended, and not receiving them into the inn for whom Christ paid the two pence, whose neighbor Christ bids you to become that you might show mercy to him. For he is our neighbor whom not only a similar condition has joined, but whom mercy has bound to us. You make yourself strange to him through pride, in vain puffing up yourself in your carnal mind, and not holding the Head.2947 For if you held the Head you would consider that you must not forsake him for whom Christ died. If you held the Head you would consider that the whole body, by joining together rather than by separating, grows unto the increase of God2948 by the bond of charity and the rescue of a sinner.
- When, then, you take away all the fruits of repentance, what do you say but this: Let no one who is wounded enter our inn, let no one be healed in our Church? With us the sick are not cared for, we are whole, we have no need of a physician, for He Himself says: “They that are whole need not a physician, but they that are sick.”
Chapter 6
The passage quoted from St. John’s Epistle is confirmed by another in which salvation is promised to those who believe in Christ, which refutes the Novatians who try to induce the lapsed to believe, although denying them pardon. Furthermore, many who had lapsed have received the grace of martyrdom, whilst the example of the good Samaritan shows that we must not abandon those in whom even the faintest amount of faith is still alive.
- Since, then, we have spoken of the general Epistle of St. John, let us enquire whether the writings of John in the Gospel agree with your interpretation. For he writes that the Lord said: “God so loved this world, that He gave His only-begotten Son, that every one that believeth on Him should not perish but have everlasting life.”2985 If, then, you wish to reclaim any one of the lapsed, do you exhort him to believe, or not to believe? Undoubtedly you exhort him to believe. But, according to the Lord’s words, he who believes shall have everlasting life. How, then, will you forbid to pray for him, who has a claim to everlasting life? since faith is of divine grace, as the Apostle teaches where he speaks of the differences of gifts, for “to another is given faith by the same Spirit.”2986 And the disciples say to the Lord: “Increase our faith.”2987 He then who has faith has life, and he who has life is certainly not shut out from pardon; “that everyone,” it is said, “that believeth on Him should not perish.” Since it is said, Everyone, no one is shut out, no one is excepted, for He does not except him who has lapsed, if only afterward he believes effectually.
- We find that many have at length recovered themselves after a fall, and have suffered for the Name of God. Can we deny fellowship with the martyrs to these to whom the Lord Jesus has not denied it? Do we dare to say that life is not restored to those to whom Christ has given a crown? As, then, a crown is given to many after they have lapsed, so, too, if they believe, their faith is restored, which faith is the gift of God, as you read: “Because unto you it hath been granted by God not only to believe in Him but also to suffer in His behalf.”2988 Is it possible that he who has the gift of God should not have His forgiveness?
- Now it is not a single but a twofold grace that everyone who believes should also suffer for the Lord Jesus. He, then, who believes receives his grace, but he receives a second if his faith be crowned by suffering. For neither was Peter without grace before he suffered, but when he suffered he received a second gift. And many who have not had the grace to suffer for Christ have nevertheless had the grace of believing on Him.
- Therefore it is said: “That everyone that believeth in Him should not perish.” Let no one, that is, of whatever condition, after whatever fall, fear that he will perish. For it may come to pass that the good Samaritan of the Gospel may find someone going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, that is, falling back from the martyr’s conflict to the pleasures of this life and the comforts of the world; wounded by robbers, that is, by persecutors, and left half dead; that good Samaritan, Who is the Guardian of our souls (for the word Samaritan means Guardian),2989 may, I say, not pass by him but tend and heal him.2990
- Perchance He, therefore, passes him not by, because He sees in him some signs of life so that there is hope that he may recover. Does it not seem to you that he who has fallen is half alive if faith sustains any breath of life? For he is dead who wholly casts God out of his heart. He, then, who does not wholly cast Him out, but under pressure of torments has denied Him for a time, is half dead. Or if he be dead, why do you bid him repent, seeing he cannot now be healed? If he be half dead, pour in oil and wine, not wine without oil, that may be the comfort and the smart. Place him upon thy beast, give him over to the host, lay out two pence for his cure, be to him a neighbor. But you cannot be a neighbor unless you have compassion on him; for no one can be called a neighbor unless he have healed, not killed, another. But if you wish to be called a neighbor, Christ says to you: “Go and do likewise.” – Read the source: https://zenit.org/articles/archbishop-follo-turn-to-love-by-being-close-to-others-as-christ-became-close-to-us/

Reflection 17 – Who is my neighbor?
Today the Gospel gives us the famous parable of the “Good Samaritan” (Cf. Luke 10:25-37). Questioned by a Doctor of the Law about what is necessary to inherit eternal life, Jesus invites him to find the answer in the Scriptures: “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength, and with all your mind; and your neighbour as yourself” (v. 27). There were, however, different interpretations about who should be understood as “neighbour.” In fact, that man asked again: “And who is my neighbour?” (v. 29). At this point, Jesus responds with the parable that, thanks to the evangelist Luke, has left an indelible imprint on the history of the Church and of humanity.
The protagonist of the brief account is a Samaritan, who on the road met a man robbed and beaten by brigands and he takes care of him. We know that the Jews were contemptuous of the Samaritans, considering them foreign to the Chosen People. Therefore, it’s no accident in fact that Jesus chose a Samaritan as the positive personage of the parable. In this way, He wished to overcome the prejudice, showing that even a foreigner, even one who doesn’t know the true God and doesn’t frequent the Temple, is capable of behaving according to His will, feeling compassion for a needy brother and helping him with all the means at his disposal.
On that same road, before the Samaritan, a priest and a Levite has already passed, that is, persons dedicated to the worship of God. However, seeing the poor man on the ground, they went on without stopping, probably not to be contaminated by his blood. They had put a human rule linked to worship before the great commandment of God, who first of all wants mercy.
Jesus, therefore, proposes the Samaritan as model who, loving his brother as himself, shows he loves God with all his heart and all his strength, and expresses at the same time true religiosity and full humanity.
After recounting the parable, Jesus addresses the Doctor of the Law again, who had asked Him “Who is my neighbour?” And He says to him: “Which of these three, do you think, proved neighbour to the man who fell among the robbers?” (v. 36). In this way, He brings about a reversal in regard to His interlocutor’s question, and also to the logic of us all. He makes us understand that it’s not we that, on the basis of our criteria, define who is and who is not our neighbour, but it’s the person in a situation of need who must be able to recognize who is his neighbour, namely, “the one who showed mercy on him” (v. 37). This conclusion indicates that mercy, in confronting a human life in a state of necessity, is the true face of love. It is thus that we become true disciples of Jesus and that the face of the Father is manifested: “Be merciful, even as your Father is merciful” (Luke 6:36). It is thus that the commandment of the love of God and of our neighbour becomes a unique and coherent rule of life.
May the Virgin Mary help us to understand and, especially, to live ever more the inseparable bond there is between love of God, our Father, and concrete and generous love of our brethren. – Read the source: https://zenit.org/articles/popes-angelus-address-on-the-parable-of-the-good-samaritan-full-text/

Reflection 18 – St. Kateri Tekakwitha (1656-1680 A.D.)
The blood of martyrs is the seed of saints. Nine years after the Jesuits Isaac Jogues and John de Brébeuf (October 19) were tomahawked by Iroquois warriors, a baby girl was born near the place of their martyrdom, Auriesville, New York.
Her mother was a Christian Algonquin, taken captive by the Iroquois and given as wife to the chief of the Mohawk clan, the boldest and fiercest of the Five Nations. When she was four, Kateri lost her parents and little brother in a smallpox epidemic that left her disfigured and half blind. She was adopted by an uncle, who succeeded her father as chief. He hated the coming of the Blackrobes (Jesuit missionaries), but could do nothing to them because a peace treaty with the French required their presence in villages with Christian captives. She was moved by the words of three Blackrobes who lodged with her uncle, but fear of him kept her from seeking instruction. She refused to marry a Mohawk brave and at 19 finally got the courage to take the step of converting. She was baptized with the name Kateri (Catherine) on Easter Sunday.
Now she would be treated as a slave. Because she would not work on Sunday, she received no food that day. Her life in grace grew rapidly. She told a missionary that she often meditated on the great dignity of being baptized. She was powerfully moved by God’s love for human beings and saw the dignity of each of her people.
She was always in danger, for her conversion and holy life created great opposition. On the advice of a priest, she stole away one night and began a 200-mile walking journey to a Christian Indian village at Sault St. Louis, near Montreal.
For three years she grew in holiness under the direction of a priest and an older Iroquois woman, giving herself totally to God in long hours of prayer, in charity and in strenuous penance. At 23 she took a vow of virginity, an unprecedented act for an Indian woman, whose future depended on being married. She found a place in the woods where she could pray an hour a day—and was accused of meeting a man there!
Her dedication to virginity was instinctive: She did not know about religious life for women until she visited Montreal. Inspired by this, she and two friends wanted to start a community, but the local priest dissuaded her. She humbly accepted an “ordinary” life. She practiced extremely severe fasting as penance for the conversion of her nation. She died the afternoon before Holy Thursday. Witnesses said that her emaciated face changed color and became like that of a healthy child. The lines of suffering, even the pockmarks, disappeared and the touch of a smile came upon her lips. She was beatified in 1980 and canonized in 2012..
Read the source: http://www.americancatholic.org/features/saints/saint.aspx?id=1444
Comment:
We like to think that our proposed holiness is thwarted by our situation. If only we could have more solitude, less opposition, better health. Kateri repeats the example of the saints: Holiness thrives on the cross, anywhere. Yet she did have what Christians—all people—need: the support of a community. She had a good mother, helpful priests, Christian friends. These were present in what we call primitive conditions, and blossomed in the age-old Christian triad of prayer, fasting and alms: union with God in Jesus and the Spirit, self-discipline and often suffering, and charity for her brothers and sisters.
Quote:
Kateri said: “I am not my own; I have given myself to Jesus. He must be my only love. The state of helpless poverty that may befall me if I do not marry does not frighten me. All I need is a little food and a few pieces of clothing. With the work of my hands I shall always earn what is necessary and what is left over I’ll give to my relatives and to the poor. If I should become sick and unable to work, then I shall be like the Lord on the cross. He will have mercy on me and help me, I am sure.”
Related St. Anthony Messenger article(s)
Holy People ‘Walk the Talk,’ by Carol Ann Morrow
In the Footsteps of St. Kateri, by James Breig
Source of Pride, by Jack Wintz, OFM
Catholic Culture, Native Roots, by John Feister

Kateri Tekakwitha, the “Lily of the Mohawks,” was born around 1656 A.D. to a Mohawk father and a Christian Algonquin mother in the village of Ossernenon (Auriesville, New York). As a young girl, she lost her parents and brother to small pox epidemic at the age of four. From her youth, she evinced an interior innocence, refusing her relatives’ attempts to arrange a marriage. Moved by the preaching of Jesuit missionaries, she was baptized at the age of twenty, taking the name Kateri after Saint Catherine of Siena. Like her namesake, she was drawn into intimate communion with God and suffered persecution for his sake. Her fellow Indians withheld her food on Sundays and pelted her with rocks as she entered the chapel. She escaped to the Jesuit mission at Sault Saint Louis near Montreal, where she spent the last three years of her life giving herself through prayer, mortification, and works of charity. At the age of twenty-three she made a public vow of perpetual virginity. It was said that she knew only two paths: to the chapel and to her work. She lived by the motto, “Who will teach me what is most pleasing to God, that I may do it?” The Jesuit priests of the mission marveled at her deep prayer life, purity, and desire for mortification. She died of illness at the age of twenty-four in 1680 A.D. Fifteen minutes after her death, her face, pockmarked with smallpox scars, grew clear and luminous. She was canonized in 2012.
ST. KATERI TEKAKWITHA
On July 14, the Church celebrates the feast day of St. Kateri Tekakwitha, the first Native American to be canonized. Known as the “Lily of the Mohawks,” Kateri lived a life of holiness and virtue, despite obstacles and opposition within her tribe.
Kateri was born in Auriesville, New York, in 1656 to a Christian Algonquin woman and a pagan Mohawk chief. When she was a child, a smallpox epidemic attacked her tribe and both her parents died. She was left with permanent scars on her face and impaired eyesight. Her uncle, who had now become chief of the tribe, adopted her and her aunts began planning her marriage while she was still very young.
When three Jesuit fathers were visiting the tribe in 1667 and staying in the tent of her uncle, they spoke to her of Christ, and though she did not ask to be baptized, she believed in Jesus with an incredible intensity. She also realized that she was called into an intimate union with God as a consecrated virgin.
Kateri had to struggle to maintain her faith amidst the opposition of her tribe who ridiculed her for it and ostracized her for refusing the marriage that had been planned for her. When she was 18, Fr. Jacques de Lamberville returned to the Mohawk village, and she asked to be baptized.
The life of the Mohawk village had become violent and debauchery was commonplace. Realizing that this was proving too dangerous to her life and her call to perpetual virginity, Kateri escaped to the town of Caughnawaga in Quebec, near Montreal, where she grew in holiness and devotion to the Blessed Sacrament.
Kateri lived out the last years of her short life here, practicing austere penance and constant prayer. She was said to have reached the highest levels of mystical union with God, and many miracles were attributed to her while she was still alive.
She died on April 17, 1680 at the age of 24. Witnesses reported that within minutes of her death, the scars from smallpox completely vanished and her face shone with radiant beauty.
Devotion to Kateri began immediately after her death and her body, enshrined in Caughnawaga, is visited by many pilgrims each year. She was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1980, and canonized by Pope Benedict XVI on October 21, 2012. – Read the source: http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint.php?n=521
| SAINT KATERI TEKAKWITHA | |
|---|---|
Only known portrait from life of Catherine Tekakwitha, circa 1690, by Father Chauchetière
|
|
| VIRGIN,[1] PENITENT[2] RELIGIOUS ASCETIC AND LAYWOMAN |
|
| BORN | 1656 Ossernenon, Iroquois Confederacy (New France until 1763, modern Auriesville, New York) |
| DIED | April 17, 1680 Kahnawake (near Montreal),Quebec, Canada |
| VENERATED IN | Roman Catholic Church |
| BEATIFIED | June 22, 1980, Vatican City byPope John Paul II |
| CANONIZED | October 21, 2012, Vatican Cityby Pope Benedict XVI |
| MAJOR SHRINE | Saint Francis Xavier Church, Kahnawake, Quebec, Canada |
| FEAST | April 17 (Canada); July 14 (United States) |
| ATTRIBUTES | Lily; Turtle; Rosary |
| PATRONAGE | ecologists, ecology,environment, environmentalism,environmentalists, loss of parents, people in exile, people ridiculed for their piety, Native Americans,Igorots,[citation needed]Cordilleras,[citation needed]Thomasites,[citation needed]Northern Luzon,[citation needed]Diocese of Bangued,[citation needed] Vicariate of Tabuk,[citation needed] Vicariate of Bontoc-Lagawe,[citation needed]Diocese of Baguio, Philippines[citation needed] |
| CONTROVERSY | Pressure to marry against will,shunned for her Roman Catholic beliefs |
Saint Kateri Tekakwitha (pronounced [ˈɡaderi deɡaˈɡwita] in Mohawk), given the name Tekakwitha, baptized asCatherine[3][4]and informally known as Lily of the Mohawks (1656 – April 17, 1680), is a Roman Catholic saint who was an Algonquin–Mohawklaywoman. Born in the Mohawk village of Ossernenon, on the south side of the Mohawk River, she contracted smallpox in an epidemic; her family died and her face was scarred. She converted to Roman Catholicism at age nineteen, when she was renamed Kateri, baptized in honor of Saint Catherine of Siena. Refusing to marry, she left her village and moved for the remaining 5 years of her life to the Jesuit mission village of Kahnawake, south of Montrealin New France, now Canada.
Tekakwitha took a devout vow of perpetual virginity. Upon her death at the age of 24, witnesses said that minutes later her scars vanished and her face appeared radiant and beautiful. Known for her virtue of chastity and mortification of the flesh, as well as being shunned by some of her tribe for her religious conversion to Catholicism, she is the fourth Native American to be venerated in the Roman Catholic Church and the first to be canonized.[5]
Under the pontificate of Pope John Paul II, she was beatified in 1980 and canonized by Pope Benedict XVI at Saint Peter’s Basilica on 21 October 2012.[6][7] Various miracles and supernatural events are attributed to her intercession.
Contents
[hide]
- 1Early life and education
- 2Upheaval and invasions
- 3Feast of the Dead
- 4A chief converts
- 5Family pressures
- 6Conversion and Kahnawake
- 7Mission du Sault St. Louis: Kahnawake
- 8Penances
- 9Friendship with Marie-Thérèse
- 10Death and appearances
- 11Epitaph
- 12Religious veneration
- 13Miracles
- 14Controversy
- 15Cultural references
- 16Legacy
- 17References
- 18Further reading
- 19External links
Early life and education[edit]
Tekakwitha is the name the girl was given by her Mohawk people. It translates to “She who bumps into things.”[8] She was born around 1656 in the Mohawk village of Ossernenon considerably west of present-day Auriesville, New York. (A nineteenth-century tradition that Auriesville developed at the site of Ossernenon has been disproved by archeological findings, according to Dean R. Snow and other specialists in Native American history in New York.[9])
She was the daughter of Kenneronkwa, a Mohawk chief, and Tagaskouita, an Algonquin woman, who had been captured in a raid, then adopted and assimilated into the tribe. Tagaskouita had been baptized Roman Catholic and educated by French missionaries in Trois-Rivières, east of Montreal. Mohawk warriors captured her and took her to their homeland.[10]Tagaskouita eventually married Kenneronkwa.[11] Tekakwitha was the first of their two children. A brother followed.
Tekakwitha’s original village was highly diverse, as the Mohawk were absorbing many captured natives of other tribes, particularly their competitors the Huron, to replace people who died from European diseases or warfare. While from different backgrounds, such captives were adopted into the tribe to become full members and were expected to fully assimilate as Mohawk.
The Mohawk suffered a severe smallpox epidemic from 1661 to 1663, causing high fatalities. When Tekakwitha was around four years old, her baby brother and both her parents died of smallpox. She survived, but was left with facial scars and impaired eyesight.[12]She was adopted by her father’s sister and her husband, a chief of the Turtle Clan. Before the epidemic, in 1659 some Mohawk had founded a new village on the north side of the river, which they called Caughnawaga[9] (“at the wild water” in the Mohawk language).[13] Survivors of Ossernenon moved to that village.
The Jesuits’ account of Tekakwitha said that she was a modest girl who avoided social gatherings; she covered much of her head with a blanket because of the smallpox scars. They said that, as an orphan, the girl was under the care of uninterested relatives. But, according to Mohawk practices, she was probably well taken care of by her clan, her mother and uncle’s extended family, with whom she lived in the longhouse. She became skilled at traditional women’s arts, which included making clothing and belts from animal skins; weaving mats, baskets and boxes from reeds and grasses; and preparing food from game, crops and gathered produce. She took part in the women’s seasonal planting and intermittent weeding. As was the custom, she was pressured to consider marriage around age thirteen, but she refused.[11]
Upheaval and invasions[edit]
Tekakwitha grew up in a period of upheaval, as the Mohawk interacted with French and Dutch colonists, who were competing in the lucrative fur trade. The Mohawk originally traded with the Dutch, who had settled in Albany and Schenectady. The French traded with and were allied with the Huron.
Trying to make inroads in Iroquois territory, the French attacked the Mohawk in present-day central New York in 1666. After driving the people from their homes, the French burned the three Mohawk villages on the south side of the river, destroying the longhouses, wigwams, and the women’s corn and squash fields. Tekakwitha, around ten years old, fled with her new family into a cold October forest.[14]
After the defeat by the French forces, the Mohawk were forced into a peace treaty that required them to accept Jesuit missionaries in their villages. The Jesuits established a mission that later developed as Auriesville, New York. While there, the Jesuits studied Mohawk and other native languages in order to reach the people. They spoke of Christianity in terms with which the Mohawk could identify. In his work on Tekakwitha, Darren Bonaparte notes the parallels between some elements of Mohawk and Christian belief. For instance, the Jesuits used the word Karonhià:ke, the Mohawk name for Sky World, as the word for heaven in the Lord’s Prayer in Mohawk. “This was not just a linguistic shortcut, but a conceptual bridge from one cosmology to another.”[12]
The Mohawk settled Caughnawaga on the north bank, west of the present-day town of Fonda, New York. In 1667, when Tekakwitha was 11 years old, she met the Jesuit missionaries Jacques Frémin, Jacques Bruyas, and Jean Pierron, who had come to the village.[15]Her uncle opposed any contact with them because he did not want her to convert to Christianity. One of his older daughters had already left Caughnawaga to go to Kahnawake, the Catholic mission village across the St. Lawrence River from Montreal.
In the summer of 1669, several hundred Mohican warriors, advancing from the east, launched a dawn attack on Caughnawaga. Rousing quickly to the defense, Mohawk villagers fought off the invaders, who kept Caughnawaga under siege for three days. Tekakwitha, now around 13 years old, joined other girls to help priest Jean Pierron tend to the wounded, bury the dead, and carry food and water to the defending warriors on the palisades.
When reinforcements arrived from other Mohawk villages, the defenders drove the Mohican warriors into retreat. The victorious Mohawk pursued the Mohican warriors, attacking them in the forest, killing over 80 and capturing several others. Returning to Caughnawaga amid widespread celebration, the victors tortured the captive Mohicans—thirteen men and four women—for two afternoons in succession, planning to execute them on the third. Pierron, tending to the captives, implored the torturers to stop, but they ignored him. Pierron instructed the captives in Catholic doctrine as best he could and baptized them before they died under torture.[16]
Feast of the Dead[edit]
Later in 1669, the Iroquois Feast of the Dead, held every ten years, was convened at Caughnawaga. Some Oneida people came, along with Onondaga led by their famous sachem Garakontié. The remains of Tekakwitha’s parents, along with the many others who had died in the previous decade, were to be carefully exhumed, so that their souls could be released to wander to the spirit land to the west.[17]
According to a 1936 book about Tekakwitha, Father Pierron attacked the beliefs and logic of the Feast of the Dead. The assembled Iroquois, upset over his remarks, ordered him to be silent. But Pierron continued, telling the Iroquois to give up their “superstitious” rites. Under Garakontié’s protection, Pierron finished his speech. He demanded that, to secure continued friendship with the French, the Iroquois give up their Feast of the Dead, their faith in dreams as a guide to action, and the worship of their war god. At length, the assembled Iroquois relented. Exchanging gifts with priest Pierron, they promised to give up the customs he had denounced.[18]Garakontié later converted to Christianity.
A chief converts[edit]
In 1671, Mohawk chief Ganeagowa, who had led his warriors to victory against the Mohican, returned from a long hunting trip in the north to announce he had become a Christian. He had come upon the Catholic Iroquois village set up by Jesuits at La Prairie, southeast of Montreal. There he made friendly contact with priest Jacques Frémin, who had served as a missionary in Mohawk country. Influenced by the Catholic faith of the Iroquois villagers and of his own wife Satékon, Ganeagowa received instruction for several months from Father Frémin, who accepted him into the Church.[19]
Family pressures[edit]
By the time Tekakwitha turned 17 around 1674, her adoptive mother (her father’s sister) and aunt (uncle’s sister) had become concerned over her lack of interest in marriage. They tried to arrange her marriage to a young Mohawk man by instructing him to sit down beside her. They indicated to Tekakwitha that the young man wanted to marry her. Accordingly, they pressured her to offer him a certain dish made with corn.[20] Iroquois custom regarded this as a woman’s sign of openness to marriage. Tekakwitha fled the cabin and hid from her family in a nearby field. Tekakwitha was said to have been punished by her aunts with ridicule, threats, and harsh workloads. But Tekakwitha continued to resist marriage.[21] Eventually, her aunts gave up their efforts to get her to marry.
In the spring of 1675 at age eighteen, Tekakwitha met the Jesuit Father Jacques de Lamberville, who was visiting in the village. Most of the women were out harvesting corn, but Tekakwitha had injured her foot and was in the cabin.[20] In the presence of others, Tekakwitha told him her story and her desire to become a Christian. After this she started studying the catechism with him.[11]
Conversion and Kahnawake[edit]
Judging her ready, Lamberville baptized Tekakwitha at the age of 19, on Easter Sunday, April 18, 1676.[22] Tekakwitha was baptized “Catherine” after St. Catherine of Siena (Kateri was the Mohawk form of the name.)[23][24]
After Catherine was baptized, she remained in Caughnawauga for another 6 months. Some Mohawks opposed her conversion and accused her of sorcery.[15]Lamberville suggested that she go to the Jesuit mission of Kahnawake, located south of Montreal on the St. Lawrence River, where other native converts had gathered. Catherine joined them in 1677.[25]
Tekakwitha was said to have put thorns on her sleeping mat and to have lain on them while praying for the conversion and forgiveness of her kinsmen. Piercing the body to draw blood was a traditional practice of the Mohawk and other Iroquois nations. She lived at Kahnawake the remaining two years of her life. She learned more about Christianity under her mentor Anastasia, who taught her about the practice of repenting for one’s sins. When the women learned of nuns, they wanted to form their own convent and created an informal association of devout women.[citation needed]
Father Cholonec wrote that Tekakwitha said,
I have deliberated enough. For a long time my decision on what I will do has been made. I have consecrated myself entirely to Jesus, son of Mary, I have chosen Him for husband and He alone will take me for wife.[15]
The Church considers that in 1679, with her decision on the Feast of the Annunciation, her conversion was truly completed and she became the “first virgin” among the Mohawk.[15]
Mission du Sault St. Louis: Kahnawake[edit]
The Jesuits had founded Kahnawake for the religious conversion of the natives. When it began, the natives built their traditional longhouses for residences. They also built a longhouse to be used as a chapel by the Jesuits. As a missionary settlement, Kahnawake was at risk of being attacked by members of the Iroquois Confederacy who had not converted to Catholicism.[11] (While it attracted other Iroquois, it was predominantly Mohawk, the major tribe in eastern New York.)
After Catherine’s arrival, she shared the longhouse of her older sister and her husband. She would have known other people in the longhouse who had migrated from their former village of Gandaouagué (also spelled Caughnawaga). Her mother’s close friend, Anastasia Tegonhatsiongo, was clan matron of the longhouse. Anastasia and other Mohawk women introduced Tekakwitha to the regular practices of Christianity.[11]
Chauchetière and Cholenec[edit]
Claude Chauchetière and Pierre Cholenec were Jesuit priests who played important roles in Tekakwitha’s life. Both were based in New France and in Kahnawake. Chauchetière was the first to write a biography of Tekakwitha’s life, followed by Cholenec, in 1695 and 1696, respectively.[11] Cholenec arrived in New France in 1672, before Chauchetière.[26] Father Cholenec introduced whips, hair shirts and iron girdles, traditional items of Catholic mortification, to the converts at Kahnawake. He wanted them to adopt these rather than use Mohawk ritual practices.[11] Both Chauchetière and Tekakwitha arrived in Kahnawake the same year, in 1677.
He later wrote about having been very impressed by her, as he had not expected a native to be so pious.[27] Chauchetière came to believe that Catherine Tekakwitha was a saint. Jesuits generally thought that the natives needed Christian guidance to be set on the right path. Chauchetière acknowledged that close contact with and deeper knowledge of the natives in Kahnawake changed some of his set notions about the people and about differences among human cultures.[11] In his biography of Kateri, he stressed her “charity, industry, purity, and fortitude.”[28] In contrast, Cholenec stressed her virginity, perhaps to counter white stereotypes at the time characterizing Indian women as promiscuous.[28]
Penances[edit]
Tekakwitha believed in the value of offered suffering. She did not eat very much and was said to add undesirable tastes to her food. She would lie on a mat with thorns. There was a custom among some Native American peoples of the time of piercing oneself with thorns in thanksgiving for some good or an offering for the needs of one’s self or others. Knowing the terrible burns given to prisoners, she burned herself. Her spiritual counselor, Anastasia, seems to have encouraged her penances. With her friend Marie-Thérèse, Tekakwitha readily took up penances. Her health had always been poor and it weakened. Marie-Thérèse sought the help of Father Chauchetière. He scolded the young women, saying that penance must be used in moderation. He told the two that they must have him approve their penances lest they become unreasonable. Tekakwitha listened to the priest. From then on, Tekakwitha practiced whatever penance the priest would allow her, but nothing more.[citation needed]
Friendship with Marie-Thérèse[edit]
Upon her arrival in the Christian community, Catherine befriended Marie-Thérèse. They prayed together often. Marie Skarichions told Catherine and Marie-Thérèse about women religious. Through their mutual quest, the two women had a strong “spiritual friendship,” as described by the Jesuits.[11] The two women influenced a circle of associates. When they asked the Jesuits for permission to form a group of native disciples, they were told they were too “young in faith” for such a group. The women continued to practice their faith together.[citation needed]
Death and appearances[edit]
Around Holy Week of 1680, friends noted that Tekakwitha’s health was failing. When people knew she had but a few hours left, villagers gathered together, accompanied by the priests Chauchetière and Cholenec, the latter providing the last rites.[11] Catherine Tekakwitha died at around 15:00 (3 p.m.) on Holy Wednesday, April 17, 1680, at the age of 23 or 24, in the arms of her friend Marie-Therèse. Chauchetière reports her final words were, “Jesus, Mary, I love you.”[29]
After her death, the people noticed a physical change. Cholenec later wrote, “This face, so marked and swarthy, suddenly changed about a quarter of an hour after her death, and became in a moment so beautiful and so white that I observed it immediately.”[citation needed]Her smallpox scars were said to disappear.
Tekakwitha purportedly appeared to three individuals in the weeks after her death; her mentor Anastasia Tegonhatsiongo, her friend Marie-Therèse Tegaiaguenta, and Father Chauchetière. Anastasia said that, while crying over the death of her spiritual daughter, she looked up to see Catherine “kneeling at the foot” of her mattress, “holding a wooden cross that shone like the sun.” Marie-Thérèse reported that she was awakened at night by a knocking on her wall, and a voice asked if she were awake, adding, “I’ve come to say good-bye; I’m on my way to heaven.” Marie-Thérèse went outside but saw no one; she heard a voice murmur, “Adieu, Adieu, go tell the father that I’m going to heaven.” Chauchetière meanwhile said he saw Catherine at her grave; he said she appeared in “baroque splendour; for two hours he gazed upon her” and “her face lifted toward heaven as if in ecstasy.”[11]
Chauchetière had a chapel built near Kateri’s gravesite. By 1684, pilgrimages had begun to honour her there. The Jesuits turned her bones to dust and set the ashes within the “newly rebuilt mission chapel.” This symbolized her presence on earth, and her remains were sometimes used as relics for healing.
Epitaph[edit]
Tekakwitha’s grave stone reads:
Kateri Tekakwitha
Ownkeonweke Katsitsiio Teonsitsianekaron
The fairest flower that ever bloomed among red men.
The first account of Kateri Tekakwitha was not published until 1715. Because of Tekakwitha’s notable path to chastity, she is often referred to as a lily, a traditional symbol of purity associated with the Virgin Mary since the medieval period. Religious images of Tekakwitha are often decorated with a lily and cross, with feathers or turtle as cultural accessories alluding to her Native American birth. Colloquial terms for Tekakwitha are The Lily of the Mohawks (most notable), the Mohawk Maiden, the Pure and Tender Lily, the Flower among True Men, the Lily of Purity and The New Star of the New World. Her tribal neighbors referred to her as “the fairest flower that ever bloomed among the redmen.”[30] Her virtues are considered an ecumenical bridge between Mohawk and European cultures.
Religious veneration[edit]
Statue of Kateri Tekakwitha byJoseph-Émile Brunet at the Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, near Quebec City.
For some time after her death, Tekakwitha was considered an honorary yet unofficial patroness of Montreal, Canada, andIndigenous peoples of the Americas. Fifty years after her death, a convent for Native American nuns opened in Mexico. They have prayed for her and supported her canonization.
The process for Tekakwitha’s canonization was initiated by United States Catholics at the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1884, followed by Canadian Catholics. January 3, 1943, Pope Pius XII declared her venerable. She was beatified as Catherine Tekakwitha on June 22, 1980, by Pope John Paul II.[31]
On December 19, 2011, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints certified a second miracle through her intercession, signed by Pope Benedict XVI, which paved the way for pending canonization.[32] On February 18, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI decreed that Tekakwitha be canonized. Speaking in Latin, he used the form “Catharina Tekakwitha”; the official booklet of the ceremony referred to her in English and Italian, as “Kateri Tekakwitha”.[33] She was canonized on October 21, 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI.[29] In the official canonization rite booklet, “Catherine” is used in the English and French biographies and “Kateri” in the translation of the rite itself.[34] She is the first Native American woman of North America to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.
Tekakwitha is featured in four national shrines in the United States: the National Shrine of Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha in Fonda, New York; the National Shrine of the North American Martyrs in Auriesville, New York; the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C.; and The National Shrine of the Cross in the Woods, an open-air sanctuary inIndian River, Michigan. The design of the latter shrine was inspired by Kateri’s habit of placing small wooden crosses throughout the woods. One statue on the grounds shows her cradling a cross in her arms, surrounded by turtles.[35]
A statue of Tekakwitha is installed outside the Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré in Quebec, Canada. Another is installed at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Tekakwitha has been featured in recently created religious works. In 2007, the Grand Retablo, a 40-foot-high work by Spanish artisans, was installed behind the main altar of the Mission Basilica San Juan Capistrano in Orange County, California. It features Catherine Tekakwitha, Junipero Serra, St. Joseph, and Francis of Assisi.[36][37]
A bronze statue of Kateri kneeling in prayer was installed in 2008, created by artist Cynthia Hitschler,[38] along the devotional walkway leading to the Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe, La Crosse, Wisconsin.[39]
- A life-size statue of Kateri is located at the National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Fatima in Lewiston, New York.
- A bronze figure of Kateri is included on the bronze front doors of St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York City.[40]
- The Maryknoll Sisters at Ossining, New York have had a statue of Saint Kateri Tekakwitha on their grounds since 1939. It was a gift of the family of Mary Theodore Farley, a Sister of Maryknoll. The statue honors the Maryknoll Sisters’ origins as a U.S. mission congregation.[41]
- A statue of St. Kateri Tekakwitha was installed in the courtyard of St. Patrick’s church in the St. Stanislaus Kostka parish ofPittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[42]
- A garden section of the Holy Cross Chapel Mausoleum in North Arlington, New Jersey has been dedicated to the memory of Saint Kateri Tekakwitha; a life-size bronze statue of the saint releasing a flight of doves was installed here.[43]
- A Place of Hope Shrine of St. Kateri is located in Paris, Stark County, Ohio. It was dedicated by Victoria Summers (Oneida) to honor the miracles of St. Kateri Tekakwitha.[44]
- A larger than life statue of St. Kateri stands in St. Vincent de PaulCatholic Church in Rogers, Arkansas.
Miracles[edit]
Joseph Kellogg was a Protestant child captured by Natives in the eighteenth century and eventually returned to his home. Twelve months later, he caught smallpox. The Jesuits helped treat him, but he was not recovering. They had relics from Tekakwitha’s grave, but did not want to use them on a non-Catholic. One Jesuit told Kellogg that, if he would become a Roman Catholic, help would come to him. Joseph did so. The Jesuit gave him a piece of decayed wood from Kateri’s coffin, which is said to have made him heal. The historian Allan Greer takes this account to mean that Tekakwitha was known in 18th-century New France, and she was already perceived to have healing abilities.[11]
Other miracles were attributed to Kateri: Father Rémy recovered his hearing and a nun in Montreal was cured by using items formerly belonging to Catherine. In those times, such incidents were evidence that Catherine was possibly a saint. Following the death of a person, sainthood is symbolized by events that show the rejection of death. It is also represented by a duality of pain and a neutralisation of the other’s pain (all shown by her reputed miracles in New France).[11]Father Chauchetière told settlers in La Prairie to pray to Catherine for intercession with illnesses. Due to the Jesuits’ superior system of publicizing material, his words and Catherine’s fame were said to reach Jesuits in China and their converts.[11]
As people believed in her healing powers, some collected earth from her gravesite and wore it in bags as a relic. One woman said she was saved from pneumonia (“grande maladie du rhume”); she gave the pendant to her husband, who was healed from his disease.[11]
On December 19, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI approved the second miracle needed for Kateri’s canonization.[45] The authorized miracle dates from 2006, when a young boy in Washington state survived a severe flesh-eating bacterium. Doctors had been unable to stop the progress of the disease by surgery and advised his parents he was likely to die. The boy received the sacrament of Anointing of the Sickfrom a Catholic priest. As the boy is half Lummi Indian, the parents said they prayed through Tekakwitha for divine intercession, as did their family and friends, and an extended network contacted through their son’s classmates.[46] A Catholic nun, Sister Kateri Mitchell, visited the boy’s bedside and placed a relic of Tekakwitha, a bone fragment, against his body and prayed together with his parents.[47] The next day, the infection stopped its progression.[48]
Controversy[edit]
Mohawk scholar Orenda Boucher noted that despite extensive support for canonization of Tekakwitha, some traditional Mohawk see her as a connection to the worst aspects of colonialism. They do not believe that she embodied nor reflected traditional Mohawk womanhood.[49]
Cultural references[edit]
The historian K. I. Koppedrayer has suggested that the Catholic Church fathers’ hagiography of Tekakwitha reflected “some of the trials and rewards of the European presence in the New World.”[15]She captured the imagination of some observers. Based on accounts from two Jesuit priests who knew her, at least 300 books have been published in more than 20 languages on the life of Kateri Tekakwitha.[12]
In addition, Tekakwitha has been featured in late 20th-century novels and at least one 21st-century, which have explored the role of religion and colonialism in the New World:
- Leonard Cohen, Beautiful Losers (1966);
- William Vollmann, Fathers and Crows (1992), second novel of the Seven Dreams: A Book of North American Landscapes series, includes her as a character, together with French colonists and priests.
- Victor O’Connell, Eaglechild (2016) a modern story in which a Spanish Countess travels to Quebec to ask the Saint to be the spiritual head of mother’s council designed to raise her only child as part of her grand scheme to make restitution for the harm done to the aboriginal peoples of the Americas by her family and other colonists. A key scene in the plot of the novel takes place in the church at Khanawake and it raises issues about customary adoptions.
Novelist Diane Glancy (who is of Cherokee descent) was the first Native American writer to make Tekakwitha the main focus of an historical novel, The Reason for Crows.[50]
In an episode of French/Spanish animation series Clémentine, the time-travelling main character Clémentine Dumant meets and befriends Tekakwitha. She is portrayed as a shy young woman who is isolated by her peers after her conversion, but with Clémentine’s help she earns their love and respect.
Legacy[edit]
Blessed Kateri devotional medal.
In traditional fashion, numerous churches, schools and other Catholic institutions have been named for her, particularly since her canonization, including several Catholic elementary schools in Ontario. Among these are Kateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary School in Markham,[51] St. Kateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary School in Hamilton,[52] and Saint Kateri Tekakwitha Catholic School.[53]Saint Kateri is the patron saint of John Cabot Catholic Secondary School in Mississauga.
The St. Kateri Tekakwitha School in Schenectady, New York was so named after her canonization. The St. Kateri Tekakwitha Parish, also located in Schenectady, was founded by merging the Our Lady of Fatima and St. Helen’s churches. A cluster parish was formed in Irondequoit, New York in 2010, taking the name Blessed Kateri Parish; later changing the name to Saint Kateri after her canonization. Kateri Residence, an Archdiocese of New York Catholic Charities nursing home in Manhattan, New York, is named for her.
The St. Kateri Tekakwitha Church in Valencia, California, holds a statue of her in the church.[54][55] A statue of Saint Kateri Tekakwitha is placed at the steps of Holy Cross School at San Buenaventura Mission in southern California to honor the local Native American Chumash people, who helped build and sustain the Mission until the 1840s.[56]
Tekakwitha is featured at Camp Ondessonk, a Catholic youth camp in southern Illinois. One of the cabin units is named after her. She is one of the namesakes of Camp Ondessonk’s honor society, The Lodges of Ondessonk and Tekakwitha.
References[edit]
- Jump up^ Pierre Cholence, S.J., “Catharinae Tekakwitha, Virginis” (1696), Acta Apostolica Sedis, January 30, 1961
- Jump up^ The Life and Times of Kateri Tekakwitha: Ellen Haldin Walworth Pg. 253-254 –https://books.google.com/books?id=9PxZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA254
- Jump up^ Pierre Cholenec, S.J. (1696). The Life of Catherine Tekakwitha, First Iroquois Virgin. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
- Jump up^ Claude Chauchetiere, S.J. (1695). “The Life of the Good Catherine Tekakwitha, said now Saint Catherine Tekakwitha”. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
- Jump up^ Saint Juan Diego and two other Oaxacan Indians were first accorded the honor of veneration.
- Jump up^ Pope Canonizes 7 Saints, Including 2 With New York Ties, The New York Times, 22 October 2012.
- Jump up^ EWTN Televised Broadcast: “Public Consistory for the Creation of New Cardinals”, Rome, February 18, 2012. Saint Peter’s Basilica. Closing remarks before recession preceded by Cardinal Agostino Vallini.
- Jump up^ [1]
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Introduction”, In Mohawk Country: Early Narratives about a Native People], ed. Dean R. Snow, Charles T. Gehring, William A. Starna, Syracuse University Press, 1996
- Jump up^ Juliette Lavergne, La Vie gracieuse de Catherine Tekakwitha, Editions A.C.F., Montreal, 1934, pp. 13–43
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Greer, Allan (2005). Mohawk Saint: Catherine Tekakwitha and the Jesuits. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–205.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Darren Bonaparte (Mohawk), “A Lily Among Thorns: The Mohawk Repatriation of Káteri Tekahkwí:tha”, presented at 30th Conference on New York State History, 5 June 2009, Plattsburgh, New York, accessed 25 July 2012
- Jump up^ Francis X. Weiser, S.J. Kateri Tekakwitha, Kateri Center, Caughnawaga, Canada, 1972, p. 34.
- Jump up^ Daniel Sargent, Catherine Tekakwitha, Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1936, p. 164.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Koppedrayer, K. I. “The Making of the First Iroquois Virgin: Early Jesuit Biographies of the Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha”. Ethnohistory (Duke University Press): 277–306.doi:10.2307/482204.
- Jump up^ Francis X. Weiser, S.J. Kateri Tekakwitha, Kateri Center, Caughnawaga, Canada, 1972, pp. 50-2.
- Jump up^ Daniel Sargent, Catherine Tekakwitha, Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1936, p. 167. Also, J.N.B. Hewitt, “The Iroquoian Concept of the Soul,” Journal of American Folk-Lore, vol. 8, Boston, 1895, p. 109.
- Jump up^ Daniel Sargent, Catherine Tekakwitha, Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1936, pp. 167-8.
- Jump up^ Francis X. Weiser, S.J. Kateri Tekakwitha, Kateri Center, Caughnawaga, Canada, 1972, p. 61.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Rev. Edward Sherman (2007). Tekakwitha Holy Native, Mohawk Virgin 1656-1680. Grand Forks, ND: Fine Print Inc. p. 106.
- Jump up^ Edward Lecompte, S.J., Glory of the Mohawks: The Life of the Venerable Catherine Tekakwitha, translated by Florence Ralston Werum, FRSA, Bruce Publishing Co., Milwaukee, 1944, p. 28; Francis X. Weiser, S.J., Kateri Tekakwitha, Kateri Center, Caughnawaga, Canada, 1972, pp. 65-8.
- Jump up^ Lodi, Enzo (1992). Saints of the Roman Calendar (Eng. Trans.). New York: Alba House. p. 419. ISBN 0-8189-0652-9.
- Jump up^ Walworth, Ellen Hardin (1891). The Life and Times of Kateri Tekakwitha: The Lily of the Mohawks, 1656–1680. Buffalo: Peter Paul. p. 1n. Retrieved September 13,2014.
- Jump up^ Greer, Allan (2005). Mohawk Saint: Catherine Tekakwitha and the Jesuits. Oxford University Press. pp. 196–197.
- Jump up^ Dominique Roy et Marcel Roy (1995). Je Me Souviens: Histoire du Québec et du Canada. Ottawa: Éditions du Renouveau Pédagogique Inc. p. 32.
- Jump up^ Béchard, Henri. “Cholenec, Pierre”. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
- Jump up^ Jaenen, C. J. (1979) [1969]. “Chauchetière, Claude”. In Hayne, David.Dictionary of Canadian Biography. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Leslie Choquette, Review: Allan Greer, Mohawk Saint, H-France Review, Vol. 5 (October 2005), No. 109; accessed 25 July 2012
- ^ Jump up to:a b Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops
- Jump up^ Bunson, Margaret and Stephen, “Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha, Lily of this Mohawks,” Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions brochure, p. 1
- Jump up^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis LIII (1961), p. 82. Note: The official beatification register postulated by Rev. Anton Witwer, S.J. to the Roman Catholic Church bears her name as Catherine. The 1961 edition of Acta Apostolicae Sedis refers in Latin to her cause of beatification as that of “Ven. Catharinae Tekakwitha, virginis”.
- Jump up^ “Pope OKs 7 New Saints, Including Hawaii’s Marianne”. Salon. December 19, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
- Jump up^ Concistoro Ordinario Pubblico … Basilica Vaticana, 18 febbraio 2012, pp. 33–39
- Jump up^ [2]
- Jump up^ [3]
- Jump up^ Ignatin, Heather (April 19, 2007). “Retablo draws crowds at Mission Basilica”.Orange County Register. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- Jump up^ “Grand Retablo en Route to San Juan Capistrano, Installation expected March 19”, Mission San Juan Capistrano, 9 February 2007
- Jump up^ “Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha, Lily of the Mohawks: Bronze, Height 55”. Celstumo.com. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
- Jump up^ “Mohawk Woman Enshrined at Shrine” (Orso, Joe), La Crosse Tribune, 31 July 2008:[4]
- Jump up^ Reports, Staff. “Lewiston: Statue Dedication at Fatima”. Niagara Gazette. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- Jump up^ “Lily of the Mohawks”, Maryknoll Magazine, Sept/Oct 2012. Vol 106. Number 5, pp. 31-32
- Jump up^ “Kateri Tekakwitha”, Saints in the Strip website
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- Jump up^ “A Place of Hope…”. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
- Jump up^ “PROMULGAZIONE DI DECRETI DELLA CONGREGAZIONE DELLE CAUSE DEI SANTI”. catholica.va. December 19, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
- Jump up^ Discepolo, John (December 20, 2011). “Vatican calls Whatcom boy’s survival a miracle”. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
- Jump up^ “Kateri Tekakwitha: First Catholic Native American saint”. BBC News. October 19, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
- Jump up^ “Boy’s miracle cure makes first Native American saint”. Associated Press. October 20, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
- Jump up^ “1st Native American saint stirs pride, skepticism”.
- Jump up^ http://www.sunypress.edu/p-4821-the-reason-for-crows.aspx
- Jump up^ http://york.cioc.ca/record/MKM1867
- Jump up^ http://stkt.hwcdsb.ca/
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Further reading[edit]
- Beauchamp, W.M. “Mohawk Notes,” Journal of American Folk-Lore, vol. 8, Boston, 1895, pp. 217–221. Also, “Iroquois Women,” Journal of American Folk-Lore, vol. 13, Boston, 1900, pp. 81–91.
- Béchard, Henri, S.J. The Original Caughnawaga Indians. Montreal: International Publishers, 1976.
- Béchard, Henri, S.J. “Tekakwitha”. Dictionary of Canadian Biography(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966), vol. 1.
- Cholonec, Rev. Pierre. “Kateri Tekakwitha: The Iroquois Saint”. (Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing, 2012) ISBN 978-1935228097.
- Cohen, Leonard. “Beautiful Losers”, Published in 1966 by McClelland and Stewart.
- Fenton, William, and Elisabeth Tooker. “Mohawk,” in